Language Development in Exceptional Circumstances

â€Å"Ever since attempts have been made to describe and explain normal language development, references to exceptional circumstances have been made. † (Bishop & Mogford, 1988: v) Language development in exceptional circumstances refers to cases of child language acquisition which are considered as departing from the norm. In the following, five types of exceptional circumstances will be taken into account; that is: the case of neglected children, the case of hearing children brought-up by deaf parents, the case of bilingual children, the case of twins, and the case of children affected by Williams syndrome. This is by no means a full consideration of all existing exceptional circumstances for language development; rather it is a selection of the cases which I find most revealing to gain insight into normal language development. Indeed, in the light of the aforementioned exceptional circumstances, we will be able to draw understandings about language development in its unexceptional nature, such as its relationship to environmental factors (I) and to other cognitive devices (II). First of all, exceptional circumstances can provide important evidence relevant to the role played by the verbal environment in child language acquisition. Neglected children, hearing children brought-up by deaf parents, bilingual children, and twins, are all faced to a certain form of restricted verbal stimulation. For instance, Marie Mason (1942) reported a case that concerned a neglected child, Isabelle, who had been kept in seclusion with her deaf and mute mother because she was illegitimate. They spent their time in a dark room shut away from the family who had rejected them, and Isabelle was completely deprived of language until she gained her freedom at the age of 6. Children of deaf parents are also limited in their exposure to spoken language, although in the context of otherwise normal social, communicative and environmental stimulation. As for children who are brought-up bilingual and as twins, verbal stimulation is similarly impaired, the former because their exposure to one particular language is reduced ecause they must deal with two languages simultaneously, and the latter because one family’s linguistic resources are shared between two infants in the same developmental stage. Yet, just as Isabelle went on to develop normal language in only 18 months’ time after gaining her freedom (Skuse, 1988: 33), children of deaf parents, bilingual children, and twins, also develop normal language over time, albeit the adverse circumstances. This provides evid ence of resilience of language acquisition. Indeed, the fact that these children, despite such unfavourable circumstances, ultimately achieve linguistic proficiency (not unlike an ordinary child) tells us that children learn language despite a restricted language input, meaning that innate language abilities must have a substantial role in normal language acquisition. In this sense, exceptional circumstances indicate that the principles of language development advocated by behaviourists are quite inadequate to explain how the child develops language, and provides evidence in favour of Noam Chomsky’s theory of Universal Grammar. Conversely, however, exceptional circumstances do provide some evidence of the importance of the verbal environment for normal language development. For instance, Genie, another neglected child who was discovered at 13 years of age after having been locked in a small room and beaten by her father whenever she uttered a sound, never fully recovered from the deprivation of language in her early years. Although she is now 55 years-old, she never acquired true linguistic competence. This gives evidence for the existence of a time window during which external influences have a significant effect. Just as songbirds will learn to sing the appropriate song for their species only if they hear that song in the first few weeks of life, there is a critical period for the child to successfully develop language† (Bishop & Mogford, 1988: 252). This ‘critical period’ is set from birth to sometime between 5 and 7 years of age depending on the individual, which is why Isabelle –who was 6 when liberated– developed language readily, while Genie –who was 13– did not. Therefore, exceptional circumstances provide insight into a critical period for language development after which failed experiences in infancy cannot be compensated. Moreover, exceptional circumstances can also provide insight into the relationship between language and cognition. In this section, we shall consider the case of children affected by Williams syndrome. Williams syndrome is characterized by a sophisticated use of language with complex syntax and adult-like vocabulary in individuals who otherwise demonstrate no evidence of concrete operational behaviour on Piagetian tasks, and whose overall level of mental development is below that of a 7-year-old (Jones & Smith, 1988: 248). In other words, Williams syndrome children are mentally retarded, yet they demonstrate impressive lexical semantic abilities, complex expressive morphology and syntax, and good metalinguistic skills. For instance, three Williams syndrome adolescents were investigated: Van (age 11), Crystal (age 15), and Ben (age 16). Their full-scale IQ scores on traditional intelligence tests were: Van, 50; Crystal, 49; and Ben, 54. However, their scores on formal tests of language were higher than performance on non-language cognitive tasks (Bishop & Mogford, 1975: 182). This relative sparing of language in the face of other cognitive impairments is particularly revealing about the relationship between language and cognition in that it implies that there is dissociation between language and other cognitive functions. Similarly, it may be particularly striking that, in patients of global aphasia, which is a severe language disorder, other cognitive skills remain functioning, affirming that language faculty is indeed a separate domain (Saffran et al). Therefore, the exceptional case of Williams syndrome children, and the rather converse instance global aphasia, indicate that normal language development is not directly related to intelligence, hence why language is acquired rapidly and uniformly by all ‘normal’ children, irrespective of intelligence. In conclusion, language development in exceptional circumstances stands as a window into the analysis of normal language development. In the words of Gary Dell: â€Å"the inner workings of a highly complex system are often revealed by the way in which the system breaks down† (Baars, 1992: 5). Indeed, throughout this essay, the study of exceptional circumstances has provided us with evidence that, although language input has an important role in language development, it may be limited, given the Poverty of Stimulus argument. The study of exceptional circumstances has also evidenced the existence of a critical period for language development and made the issociation between language and other cognitive functions clearer. Nonetheless, one must bear in mind that a more in-depth study of exceptional circumstances, for instance one that would take into account infantile autism or Down syndrome children, would certainly provide us with further information about the components of normal language development. Unfortunately, given the time limitations for the realization of this essay, these aspects will be left for o thers to analyse.

Drug Abuse Essay

Drug abuse has an effect on all aspects of life; overall health and wellness, family life, and the community. With there being so many different kinds of drugs the effects are endless. The effect of drug abuse does not discriminate or focus on any one person. Drug abuse can be found in any area of the world and the overall effects can be devastating to anyone involved. A person’s choice to use any kind of illegal drug or abusing prescribed medicines can have a damaging impact on their overall health and wellness. This damaging effect on addicts overall health and wellness can be both short and long term. An active addict can face many health changes and challenges throughout the time that they choose to use. There can be many short term effects that depend on exactly what drug is being abused. There are drugs that can raise your heart rate, make you hallucinate, and even dehydrate you badly. â€Å"The impact of addiction can be far reaching. Cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and lung disease can all be affected by drug abuse. Some of these effects occur when drugs are used at high doses or after prolonged use; however, some may occur after just one use.† An addict can face many mental health issues during their addiction that can have a devastating effect on their own life. Women substance abusers are more likely than men to have poor self-concepts (low self-esteem, guilt, self-blame) and high rates of mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, bipolar affective disorder, suicidal ideation, psychosexual disorders, eating disorders, and Post traumatic stress disorder.† â€Å"Chronic use of some drugs of abuse can cause long-lasting changes in the brain, which may lead to paranoia, depression, aggression, and hallucinations.† The addict has a giant effect on their family and home environment. There can be many issues that a family must face when an addict is living in the home. There can be many forms of abuse in a home where there is an addict. There can be sexual abuse, financial abuse, physical abuse and emotional abuse in any home. The addiction is not responsible for the violence but can intensify and make it more common. When an addict is deep in their addiction they will often put financial responsibilities of the home off to get high instead. This can cause child neglect by no food being in home, no  electricity or heat. There can be consequences for the children living in a home with an active addict. These consequences may not show up for years until the child of the addict is grown. â€Å"The disturbed home and family setup, the inter-parental and parent-child conflict, parental neglect in large families, defective disciplinary techniques (too lax or too strict) and family disorganization ar e considered as some of the causes of drug abuse.† There is a higher risk of children of an addict growing up to become addicts themselves An addict has an effect on the community in which they live. This effect from an addict can cause problems for the entire community There is more possibility of crime and erratic behavior in the community where an active addict is living. A defining characteristic of addictive behavior is that they involve in the pursuit of short-term gratification at the expense of long-term harm When a person is under the influence of any drug they may not be fully conscious of the choices that they are making. When there is an active drug area in the community there is usually more violence and less desired living situations. When there are drugs in a common area that area becomes more prone to violence and could actually desensitize the people in the community When you have shootings, robberies, rapes, and murders in any area there will be less of a desire for anybody to want to live there. Conclusion In conclusion with their being so much drug abuse in today’s society where do we begin to help break the cycle? We have seen that the problem is a mental health issue that begins with the addict; however drug abuse has an effect on all aspects of life; overall health and wellness, family life, and the community. If we stop judging the addicts and making them feel so much shame and embarrassment, we can lift them up, encourage them and support them to better then it can change the overall hurt and damage that is being inflicted on our people and society.

Analysis Of Divine Command Theory Philosophy Essay

Analysis Of Divine Command Theory Philosophy Essay Divine command theory is an ethical view based on theism or the belief that God exists. Followers of the theory accept that all moral judgment is derived from an understanding of God’s character or his direct commandments. In other words, â€Å"what is in accordance with God’s command is moral and what is contrary to that command is immoral† (Farnell, 2005). The holy books of each religion (e.g. The Bible, Koran, and Torah) contain God’s directions. Therefore, they can be used as guides to distinguish between morally good and bad actions. The idea that ethics and religion are connected is far-reaching, and it leads us to examine religion’s role in our society. Advantages Although divine command theory has been rejected as a working ethical theory, there are a few ways in which it does provide an advantage as an ethical framework. First, God’s commands set forth universal moral rules. The rules can be applied to anyone, at all times and place s. The belief that God is eternal and never changes means that his commands are as relevant today as when they were first recorded. Second, God’s commands don’t depend on what others think are right or wrong. His commands are completely objective. For example, one of God’s commandments is not to commit murder (Exodus 21:13). Even if your friends believe that murder is acceptable (for instance, capital punishment), they are still wrong because their beliefs oppose God’s will. Under this theory, morality exists outside of human reasoning because God is the ultimate authority. Third, if you disobey God, you will be punished. If you follow his commands, you’ll be rewarded. God is both omnipotent and omnipresent. If you choose to disobey, your punishment is inescapable. If you obey, God will bless you with eternal life and a place in heaven. Those who believe have a strong incentive to follow his commands. Finally, traditional religions are centuries ol d and have recorded many of God’s commands. Religious texts allow us to know and understand the character of God, and they make it easier to know how to act morally. For Christian believers, the Word of God is in The Bible and they are secure in the concrete, moral teachings written in its pages. Critiques There are several reasons why divine command theory falls short as a working ethical viewpoint. One objection focuses on the sheer number of world religions and their different interpretations of the nature of God (or their gods). How does a divine command theorist know that their God’s commands are the right ones to follow? It is impossible to prove that the insights of Allah overrule the laws of Yahweh. Even within Christianity, a schism has existed between Catholic and Protestant believers since The Reformation in 1517. Under divine command theory only one religion can be correct and the followers of that God are the only ones leading moral lives (Austin, 2006). T his leads into the next objection. God’s commands can be easily misconstrued. That is, how do we determine the correct interpretation of the sacred texts? When God states that we should not commit murder, does that mean murder is always immoral, or should we take into account the specific context in which God gave this command? During this process of interpretation, we are actually exercising our own sense of morality. We must rely on our own understanding of God’s goodness and act on moral laws we deem consistent with God’s commands (Adams, 1999). We cannot take ourselves completely out of the picture when determining God’s position on ethical issues.

Revolutionizing the Retail Sector Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Revolutionizing the Retail Sector - Case Study Example The two systems incorporated advanced technology during their upgrade. Consequently, they reduced the costs that organizations incurred as they used the systems (Heidari, 2008). Additional challenges that the invention of the quantum blade and the retail blade system solved entailed rising ownership costs, incompatibility and in efficiency of systems as well as rising operational costs. Problems Digipos faced with regard to system upgrades Digipos experienced several challenges while designing systems that could reduce cost of operations within businesses. Consequently, the company has struggled to cope with changes in technologies that could tackle the desires of clients. Thirdly, Dogipo’s products were incompatible with other technologies. Additionally, the management wanted to reposition the company as leaders when designing technological products that served the needs of the retail businesses. Digipos was facing stiff competition from other companies that designed technolo gical systems that could be used in the retail environment. Besides, they were unable to design systems that were simple to use. According to Heidari (2008), the challenges that the company faced caused dissatisfaction among the users of the company’s systems. ... As a result, the company formulated systems that set the stage for exemplary results. Consequently, the management embraced the use of advanced technologies while designing systems. This facilitated the design of quantum blade and the retail blade system. Following the inventions, the company engaged in research that enabled the management to design systems that reduce the cost of operation within businesses. Additionally, Digipos designed systems that used reliable hard drives. This method was effective because consumer prefer systems that are reliable when reducing cost of operations (Stair & Reynolds, 2012). People embraced the use of the Quantum Blade and the Retail Blade system because the systems are affordable and simple to upgrade. Digipos has also designed systems that are compatible with systems manufactured by other companies. Digipos is equally succeeding because it focuses on the needs of clients while designing systems. They are also providing clients with several alter natives. In order to reduce the total cost of operation, the company has opted to upgrade their systems in phases to cope with the changes in the technology. It is equally evident that the systems designed by the company can handle difficulties that retailers face while adjusting their systems (Sennewald & Christman, 2008). It was previously costly for small businesses to install systems manufactured by Digipos. However, this changed with the invention quantum blade and the retail blade systems. These systems are inexpensive and easy to upgrade. Compare and contrast the Quantum Blade to the Retail Blade The Quantum Blade and the Retail Blade

Identification of Qualitative Methodology Research Paper

Identification of Qualitative Methodology - Research Paper Example The group also consisted of women who were in assistant-variety positions which was intended to emphasize scenarios where power and control were highlighted. Based on the background given about Taiwan, the sample population recruited for the study was appropriate as well. The observational approach to the research was not significant because there is no mention of time-frame for each of these observational sessions nor a description of the observed environment. In many respects, this aspect could have either been eliminated from the study or enhanced further to justify methodology. The on-site observation would require being a separate event from interview environments to avoid researcher error or bias. This study also did not clearly outline its intended objectives, moving directly from the background of Taiwan business to theoretical secondary sources with no mention of a direct goal. The interest of the study was clearly to find out information about this working environment without a strong focus on what was intended to be proven or disproven. The con of this approach is that it was too broad of a research study with no clearly outlined research objective. (or trends) based on responses. The researcher categorized these responses into power, gender, and office politics. This study has bias in it though as it chose a sample of women who were in clearly-inferior job roles to other authoritarian leaders (by hierarchical design), which seems to have lessened the study’s reliability and/or validity. Having no clear research objective and a sample which was not, by design, unbiased is another con of this research study methodology. A cross section of male workers, in similar environments in support roles, would seem to justify the relationship between power and gender in the workplace better. This would mean having to add on more interviews for a different cross-section of male

Financial Analysis for International Company Essay

Financial Analysis for International Company - Essay Example RECOMMENDATION FOR MANAGING FINANCIAL RISKS: 11 6.2. RECOMMENDATION FOR MANAGING OPERATIONAL RISKS 11 6.3. RECOMMENDATION FOR MANAGING MARKET PLACE RISKS 12 6.4. RECOMMENDATION FOR MANAGING MACRO-ECONOMIC RISKS 12 7. References 13 1. INTRODUCTION: Dixons Retail Plc is the largest electrical and computing retailer in Europe. The company offers wide range of products and services and it operates in 26 countries. The company sells the following products: Consumer electronics, Personal computers, Domestic appliances, Photographic equipment and Communication products. Principal products like Brown goods, white goods, computing products and mobile phones are sold by the company. The company is a multi-channel retailer that sells products over the internet, in stores and by phone and it also provides product support services to the customers. B2B sales and services are also carried out by the company. (Forbes.com LLC , 2011) 1.1ABOUT DIXONS RETAIL PLC: The company offers wide range of produ cts and services and it operates in 26 countries. In 13 countries, the company has approx. 1,200 stores. The company has over 38,000 employees and it holds number 1 position in the UK & Ireland, Greece, Nordics and the Czech Republic. (Dixons Retail Plc, 2011) The company operates four divisions which are as follows: 1. UK & Ireland 2. Nordics 3. Other International 4. E-commerce Important information related to these four divisions is given below in the table: (Dixons Retail Plc, 2011) UK & Ireland Nordics Other International E-commerce SALES ?3.8bn ?2.3bn ?1.2bn ?0.8bn EBIT ?71.3m ?105.6m (?21.6m) ?0.9m MARKET POSITION Number 1 Number 1 Number 1 in Greece, Number 2 in Italy and Czech Leading internet operator across Europe SHARE OF GROUP 47% 28% 15% 10% NO. OF EMPLOYEES 23,091 7,343 6,191 1,398 NO. OF STORES 642 285 308 - 1.2 TURNOVER: In 2006, Dixons Retail’s turnover was ?7,403,400,000 then in 2007 it was ?7,929,700,000 i.e. an increase of 7.108%. In 2008, the turnover wa s ?8,545,900,000 then in 2009 it was ?8,364,600,000 i.e., a decrease of 2.122%. In 2010, the company’s turnover was ?8,532,500,000 i.e. an increase of 2.007%. (WorkSMART, nd) 2. FINANCIAL POSITION: In 2007, Dixons Retail’s profit was ?114,100,000 then in 2008 it faced a loss of ?192,800,000. In 2009, the company again faced a loss of ?140,400,000 but then in 2010 Dixons Retail achieved a profit of ?112,700,000. In 2011, the company faces a loss of ?224,100,000. (WorkSMART, nd) In 2007, Dixons Retail’s revenue was ?7929.70m then in 2008 it was ?8488.00m i.e. an increase of 7.041%. In 2009, the revenue was ?8317.80m then in 2010 it was ?8532.50m i.e. an increase of 2.581%. In 2011, the company’s revenue is ?8341.80m i.e. a decrease of 2.235%. (London Stock Exchange PLC, 2011) Other important Dixons Retail’s financial indicators are given below in the table: DIXONS RETAIL FINANCIAL INDICATORS (Telegraph Media Group Limited, 2011) MAY 2011 MAY 2010 MAY 2009 MAY 2008 MAY 2007 P/E RATIO -2.18 17.42 -4.04 -4.81 89.45 ROCE -14.86 6.56 -14.74 2.4 OPERATING MARGIN -2.93 0.7 -2.67 -3.05 0.42 RETURN ON ASSETS -5.61 2.48 -4.96 -5.68 1.08 EV/BIT -4.17 9.09 -11.73 -7.70 19.43 GEARING RATIO 44.93 37.49 53.73 31.79 23.54 P/BV RATIO 0.8 1.41 1.31 1.48 2.31 P/CASHFLOW RATIO 2.89 14.16 -46.19 6.13 12.57 QUICK RATIO 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.38 0.5 TURNOVER PER SHARE 2.261 2.441 2.825 3.504 3.186 PEG (HISTORICAL GROWTH) 0.06 -0.46 0.12 0.73 -165.66 EPS GROWTH 7.00% 50.00% -90.00%

Online marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Online marketing - Essay Example This makes, the study of the concept of online marketing all the more interesting and inevitable, in order to ascertain the various methods, policies and strategies applied by successful online marketing firms, to provide a broader idea about the concept and a wider understanding of the subject. For the purpose of this study, Amazon.com Inc, is chosen as a case study, which shall be used to understand a range of concepts, and theoretical aspects concerning online marketing. Amazon.com Inc., an American based (headquartered in Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.) multinational e-commerce organization and is one of the largest online retailers in the country. It was founded by the Jeff Bezoz, in the year 1994 and was launched online a year later in 1995. Initially it was established as an online retail book store, however, in the wake of the overwhelming response of its largely diversified customer base, it was subsequently diversified to include a range of other products such as CDs, music, games, computer software, electronic equipments, apparels, food, furniture, toys, and the likes. At the time when Amazon debuted on the online retailing scene, there were already several other companies doing brisk business, owing to the internet boom. However, Bezos, with the help of innovative online marketing strategies along with revolutionary internet technologies which made the online shopping experience - faster, better and more comfortable and more personal as compared to the traditional retail, managed to survive, outsmart and eventually lead the pack of online stores. The success of the company could be ascertained from the consecutively profitable performances, which it has been able to deliver. Currently, the company has managed to achieve almost $6.8 million, in sales which includes books, DVD players as well as miter saws1. Products and brands are the inevitable

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Economic - Essay Example Some basic examples of underdeveloped regions are Asia, Africa and Latin America. Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Somalia and Cambodia are some countries that fall into this category. (Gerard Chaliand, n.d) Different countries generally face different problems depending upon the level of development and progress made by the country. Naturally, the ones that are developed will face a lesser number of problems and also of a different kind. Underdeveloped countries are bound to face a mountain of difficulties and of a severe kind. The characteristics of an underdeveloped country are actually what its problems are. The basic challenges faced by people in underdeveloped countries are the unavailability of shelter, clothing, food, health services and even water for every person living. This is due to large populations and little resources. Educational standards are very low – lack of qualification means unemployment. Plus, there is a lack of funds with the government that can be spent on health services and other welfare of the people. Technologically speaking, these countries are almost close to nil. (Poverty in Underdeveloped Countries—The Poorest of the Poor - The Poor In Africa, n.d) Firstly, we have the problem of the lack of resources. Not only is there a lack but there is only a specific type of resource available. Most underdeveloped countries are agricultural economies; that is, they earn by selling primary goods such as tea, wheat, cotton etc. These goods, no doubt, have a huge market but they are not as helpful in progression a country as are industrial and manufacturing goods. Developed countries mainly depend on the export and import of manufacturing goods, also known as, capital goods – these are machineries that enhance the efficiency and production of consumer goods. The usage of these machines in a country helps augment living standards. It is clearly

You can choose the topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You can choose the topic - Research Paper Example In the ‘experience machine’ proposed by Nozick, we may be brought to ask – how can one be infinitely happy in a setting where no knowledge or feeling of pain is evident? How is it ever possible in a virtual sphere of living to attain true happiness if in this world we have no way of distinguishing pain from pleasure since pleasure is all there is? Apart from any form of suffering or unpleasant experience, it would be difficult to figure out what being truly happy is like for our basic concept of happiness is normally derived from the notion of its opposite. Moreover, Nozick’s virtual machine, as it is by nature, would bear no potential of subjecting us to the challenges which form the essence of life as we have been significantly aware of through our regular encounter of reality. Dwelling in an ‘experience machine’ occurs to be an equivalent of living in a place where no one can be expected to pay regard for the value of ethics. All that matters herein is pleasure in its ultimate level or concentration so that each individual finds no required commitment to care or even think of someone else’s welfare. Apparently, such person may go through the typical course of virtual life in which one solely lives for oneself, a rather selfish endeavor to ponder about. To assure there could be eternal bliss in a place that mechanically generates object of happiness and takes full control of our senses to be conditioned towards the state of mirth alone and with no trace of low-spiritedness is impossible. As human beings who have initially become acquainted and accustomed to the several truths found in reality, we see our external differences from each other and know primarily that our distinct character traits from the rest of our kind exhibit the fact that each one of us is unique. Because of this, the meaning of happiness may be established as one and the

Sainsbury Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sainsbury - Case Study Example In 1972 the company was placed on the London stock exchange. The family members maintained eighty five percent of the shares. In 1979 they went into partnership with GB Inn BM a retail company from Belgium. And started a chain store using their Home base. Soon after buying Texas Home care in 1995 the size of home base became tripled. In 2000 Home base was sold by Sainsbury. Currently it is planning to relocate to King cross the support centre store from Holborn. This year it has also added to itself Curley's store from the Irish. It is currently operating eight hundred and twenty three supermarkets and stores. Out of these five hundred and four are supermarkets. While three hundred and nineteen are convenience stores. It is also offering shopping on internet; they have also started a bank in conjunction with a Scottish bank. Its supply chain is also operating in 10 centres of region distribution. The pestel model can be used to analyze the macro environment factors that are likely to affect the business for example the changes in the in taxes imposed, trade laws, change in government policy, and change in population and many more others. The model takes into consideration the following factors; Political, Economic, Social, Technological, environmental and the legal factors. ThPolitical Factors: The Government announced last month that's its intending to decrease the taxes it is imposing to the corporation companies by two percent (from the current thirty percent to twenty eight percent). This will have a big impact to the corporation Sainsbury included they will be able to save a lot of money. The money they will have saved will be allocated to an alternative use. (Department of Treasury 2008). There were allegations in UK about the retailers who were fixing prices. The government has established commission of enquiry. The investigation is mainly done to the biggest four retail industries who have been accused of the malpractices J. Sainsbury included. This is going to affect Sainsbury despite the fact that they have already established themselves with their customer. As many of their customers will have a negative perception about them, they will think that they have all along been cheated. (Doherty 2008 page 15) The good infrastructure which the government has provided like good roads has also impacted positively on them, as this has made their goods to move with ease. In 1997 the government (Labour party) established the Monetary Policy Committee. The body was given the mandate to set the rates of interest. Despite this being political it had an impact on the economy of the country which in turn affected the profits earned by Sainsbury in their banking business. Economic Factors: The food problem that the world is currently undergoing has made the prices of the food to increase. This has greatly increased the cost of expenditure which Sainsbury is using to buy food. Their profit margin is expected to reduce to some small percentage. The prices of most commodities have raised in the supermarket a fact that is attributed to the current food shortages. All these are expected to have an impact on the profit margin that is the profit margin is expected to reduce. (Sir Henry 2007 page 23) The current economic turmoil

Gender differences in the effects of divorce Essay Example for Free

Gender differences in the effects of divorce Essay Besides behaviour differences among children of divorced and intact families, there are also gender differences to consider. Hyatt suggests that boys and girls react differently to parental divorce. Boys tend to create more behavioural problems in school than girls do. Boys’ self-esteem tends to decline as a result of divorce and they seek constant attention from the teacher and disturb class with irrelevant talks. Their effort in school work also decline. Hyatt mentions that boys are more prone to difficulty of losing contact to their father hence regular communication with the father can help these adjustment problems. Girls’ behaviour in school after parental divorce is not as noticeable as boys because they do not manifest their difficulties by acting out in class. Rather, they tend to become more anxious or unhappy or showing over controlled good behaviour. Another findings concerning gender difference in the effects of divorce is that girls do accept help from their teachers unlike boys. This is because girls see their school as a place where they can be supported during divorce while boys conduct socially unacceptable behaviour. School Behaviour of Children of Divorced Families Human beings grow by constantly adapting to new environment therefore adapting to an environment is part of life cycle. Children’s educational place can be divided into home, school and the society. The child and environment continuously interact and the school takes over large part of a child’s life. Therefore as well as having a settled family life, school period is also important in determining how children might turn out in the future. School is a place where children enjoy, and gain sense of satisfaction by experiencing various activities and maintain harmonized relationships with the teachers and other students. Similarly, school adjustment is defines as taking interest in school environment and feel comfortable being in school with other children. This adjustment reflects on their school achievement and development. For instance, children who enjoy being in school and participate in school activities are likely to gain more educational experiences than those who have adjustment disorder. Liebman defines school adjustment disorder as excessive reaction where individuals are unable to harmonize with the school environment and other students which will prohibit individual development. Children of divorced families are likely to have more difficulties in school adjustment than those of children from intact families. Berbe suggests that children with adjustment disorder tend to attract teacher’s attention by inappropriate questions in class, distract other children and find it hard to pay attention in class. They also refuse teacher’s request and are often disobedient. And if they continue to show irresponsible academic behaviour, it leads to serious adjustment disorder. Heck’s idea is also similar to Berbe’s suggestion that children with adjustment disorder problems are frequently absent and tend to be oppositional in class. However, it is difficult to judge the cause of maladjustment solely on divorce. How children respond to above stress can vary from a child to child. It can differ according to their age, gender or disposition and the environment includes economic stature of parents, social approval rating of parents and family conflict. Variables are categorized as they may affect children’s school adjustment into demographic differences and family variables. Demographic differences include race, gender, and parental socioeconomic status and family variables include relationships, organisation, control, social support, mother rejection and father rejection. Behaviour of children of divorced in school As mentioned earlier, children from divorced families appear to have difficulty in academic achievement and relationship with other children at school than children from intact families. The cause of this should not be looked at solely on the primary factor which is divorce. Secondary factors are to be considered as well, such as the change in socioeconomic structure and resources after divorce. For example, as mentioned earlier, economic loss, poor parental adjustment, lack of parental competence and parental loss can cause behavioural problems. As mentioned in the section of ‘Comparison between children of divorce and intact families’, women’s standard of living is reduced by 29 % after divorce and absence of father can have negative influence on children more on boys than girls. Regarding studies on children’s maladjustment behaviour, Liner categorizes disorder behaviour as: ? action-out behaviour like hitting someone and being aggressive ? withdrawing behaviour: very quiet, sucking fingers, restricted behaviour ? defensive behaviour: lying, ignoring ? disorganised behaviour: escaping from reality Similarly, Wickman describes behaviour of children with adjustment disorder as: ? immoral, dishonest, in resistance to authority, stealer, cheater, disobedient, rude and rebellious ? often violates regulation of class, careless, loses interest in study, negligent and trustless ? exaggerated and offensive personality ? unsociable, overly sensitive, and liar Based on experience, as a teacher of young children, those from divorced families have lower academic achievement, are socially isolated, overly sensitive, either humiliate themselves or boast and show negative behaviour in class. Specifically, their academic grade is poorer than it used to be and they do not try to socialize with others in class. Further, they often seem absent-minded and tend to change their mood easily. If they are scolded for not doing their homework or asked to answer something they do not know, they use violent language in response. They also suffer from headache and easily get tired. This behaviour of children can also be explained by Rotter’s theory of locus of control. Locus of control refers to how individuals attribute the cause of their behaviour to internal or external forces. In applying to children of divorced families, children who have internal locus of control believe that if their parents are divorced, it is their fate. Therefore these children are able to handle any difficulties and feel less psychological distress. In contrast, children who have external locus of control believe that if they do not perform well in school, they tend to blame external factors such as parental divorce rather than blame themselves. Hence, these children are likely to suffer from severe distress than those who have internal locus of control. When elementary school children experience parents’ divorce, they can become aggressive and develop sense fear and sorrow. Some children also imagine reunion of their parents. And they also explain that children’s school behaviour depend on how they are treated at home. As per experience, the relationship between custodial parent and the child seem to have a large impact. Prior research says that the relationship between the behaviour of custodial parents and children’s school adjustment illustrate that the attitude of custodial parents has large influence on children’s school achievement. Mothers’ affection can influence enormously on developing children’s social skills. From mother-child relationship, children learn responsibility, self-control and social skills, hence, hostile attitude towards children can act as hindrance in developing social skills. Therefore one can learn that the attitude of custodial parent becomes important factor which influence children’s school adjustment.

Recruiting Tanglewood Stores Essay Example for Free

Recruiting Tanglewood Stores Essay Based on the historical recruiting methods the Tanglewood stores have a couple of key issues associated with the hiring of new employees in order to provide the customer service and run their organization in a profitable manner. The corporate executives need to establish an employment brand message, and also allow the regional managers to utilize the methods of recruitment and management styles they believe work best in their geographic area (Inman, C. , Muller, C. 1996) First from a management prospective, there is not a unity of effort across the four regions as far as the hiring process is concerned. There are three unique main lines of effort between the four locations. The managers of these regions should be given a certain amount of freedom to lead their divisions, guidance and standards should be provided from the corporate management of the organization (Inman, C. , Muller, C. 1996). This will help the organization adjust to a changing technology while providing custom appeal to potential employees from each region. This will help develop an employment brand message with the public and encourage overall appeal to the company. This employment brand should be the focus of the corporate level managers. It is beneficial to the organization, to give the regional managers the latitude to administer their hiring strategy the way they see fit. Although the cost of hiring an organization to locate and recruit talent for the region at five times the cost of three of the other methods of recruitment, if that is what it takes to hire individuals in that region the manager should be given the authority to utilize that method. The establishment of an employment brand message at the corporate level, which is especially important to the specialization of the Tanglewood stores in outdoor equipment, may reduce turnover among employees. The extensive turnover needs to be addressed at the regional echelon. Turnover is extremely expensive and must be minimized. The effective recruiting of motivated, knowledgeable individuals will minimize the expense of training and recruiting employees. The Western region’s method of utilizing referrals seems to fit the outdoor lifestyle business model the best. Finding employees that fit the mindset of the company result in the least amount of turnover (Naeem Tariq, M. , Ramzan, M. , Riaz, A. 2013). Employees that are interested in and have a passion for the outdoors likely participate in these activities with like-minded individuals. Recruiting from this pool seems like a great source for employees. There is a risk that employees are seeking the reward from the company of 100 dollars. This risk is minimal given the nominal reward and the benefit of free advertising for the business. The Eastern and Northern Oregon region also have a fairly low cost method of recruiting through media. Depending on the type of media, this has a potential to reach many potential applicants. It must be monitored for returns to ensure that money is not being wasted on unyielding sources. This could be accomplished with a simple survey on how the individual discovered the job or coding responses. This media can also target demographic groups that managers believe will make the best employees. The utilization of a staffing agency seems to be the least efficient method of recruiting employees that embrace the culture of the store and proved excellent customer service. If the employees are not willing to make a personal connection with customers based on a shared passion this will affect profits (Puccinelli, N. M. et. al. 2013). Although the agency seeks individuals for the company, it is expensive and the agency is most likely not specialized to find applicants that fit the company’s culture. Although this method may be useful to hire individuals with key KSAOs, it is probably not cost effective for hiring the floor associates. If the corporate level executives produce guidance and emphasize the employment brand message and the regional managers are given the freedom to administer their stores the way they see fit, the hiring process and retention would be greatly improved. An optimization of the hiring process will result in greater retention and increased profits (Naeem Tariq, M. , Ramzan, M. , Riaz, A. 2013).

History Of The Food And Beverage Management Marketing Essay

History Of The Food And Beverage Management Marketing Essay In this modern age, people dine out for pure enjoyment, to escape from their daily routine, to experience different styles of cuisine and the service the restaurants offer. When going to a restaurant, customers pay attention to the location it is sited in. When choosing a restaurant, customers pay attention to their surroundings and they consider if it is a good area, if it accessible, if it offers car parking or if it is close to a station and if it is suitable for disabled people. Customer that would dine in a restaurant expects warm ambience, high standard service, good customer care and exceedingly good quality food. From the restaurants point of view there are many more aspects to pay detailed attention to, such as: The type of market it is serving, their customer profile, strengths and weaknesses of the operation, Menu, staffing, resources, merchandising, promotions, issues on the macro environment that would effect the business, attention to their competitors, opportunities to improve the business and the threats that could be harmful to the business and the actions to take against it. This report is on the analysis of Boxwood Cafe in Knightsbridge. The reason that this restaurant has been taken in consideration is because there are many fans of Gordon Ramsay. Gordon Ramsay is known for his high level of attention to detail and his high standards of service, which attracts this report to investigate the management of this restaurant. Having said this, it was a struggle to reach the manager of Boxwood Cafe in such a busy environment. It was only possible to gain information on Boxwood Cafe, electronically, with a questionnaire answered by Angela Downes, the operations manager of Gordon Ramsay Holdings. Most of the questions were answered, however, a certain amount was considered to be strictly confidential as she quoted: We do not divulge this information. The amount of questions answered were six out of eleven, leaving out questions about the customers profile, their SWOT analysis of the Menu, questions on staff problems and staff challenges and what their external threats would be. Would you name any four challenges within the management? Angela Downes quotes: We do not divulge this information, which again this shows the secretive nature of the company. Company Information and Location Company information Opened in 2003: Gordon opened the uniquely styled Boxwood Cafà © at The Berkeley, Head Chef Stuart Gillies creates an inspired seasonal menu with emphasis on British ingredients presented with daily market specials Owned by Gordon Ramsay Holdings Ltd Executive chef: Stuart Gilles: Stuarts passion and contagious drive was captured by Gordon who immediately offered Stuart the reins to this innovative restaurant concept. Stuart transcended old classic French dishes into modern Italian at The Connaught. His influences at this time also reflected a year spent in Rome at the Lord Byron Hotel and 3 years in Stockholm, Sweden. Manager: Joeness Amara-Bangali: Joeness Amara-Bangali joined Stuart Gillies and the Boxwood team in January 2005 to manage the busy restaurant and Private Dining room. Previous to this, he was Restaurant Manager at Sugar Reef from July 2001 to December 2004. His approach to service has maintained the informal style that Boxwood has perfected, whilst providing guests with a vibrant atmosphere and fun dining experience. Location The Berkeley, Knightsbridge LONDON: 5 star luxury and  contemporary chic hotel in Knightsbridge Hotels and fashion Brands around the area: Mandarine Oriental, Sheraton Park Tower, Carlton Tower, Lowndes Hotel are the 5 star Hotels we can find in Knightsbridge. Sheraton Belgravia, Rembrandt Hotel, Claverely on Beaufort Gardens, Franklin Hotel and Millennium Knightsbridge are the 4 star hotels situated in this area. The hotels situated around the restaurant are http://widget.criteo.com/sendEvwi=7709106pt1=2i1=181858The Lanesborough, Intercontinental London Park Lane, The Halkin , The Berkeley, The Metropolitan, The Athenaeum, The Park Lane Hotel, The Jumeirah Lowndes Hotel and many more that are luxurious and on top of the class. Hyde Park: Hyde Park is literally across the road from the restaurant and is an attraction to every local and tourist. Thanks to the green surrounding it offers and many water facilities, it is an attraction and relaxing park. Department stores: Harrods, Harvey Nichols: Harrods is one of the main tourist attractions in Knightsbridge thanks to the luxurious variety of products it offers and with their seasonal themes and events in the store. It creates an attractive atmosphere to the customer. Harvey Nichols, another department store in Knightsbridge ,offers another type of atmosphere which is considered modern that would target a younger generation. Competiton:100 restaurants in Knightsbridge (approximately): The restaurants sited in Knightsbridge would include big restaurant chains such as Wagamama, Yo-Sushi , Cafà © Rouge and etc. To mention the restaurants within Harrods,such as The Georgian Restaurant, The Terrace Bar, Caffà © Florian , Planet Harrods, Dim Sum, The Veuve Clicquot Champagne Bar, The Green Man Pub, Sushi Bar or the Fifth Floor restaurant in Harvey Nichols are more convenient for the customer but would make it harder for Boxwood Cafe to attract the customer. The other direct competition would be the opening of Marcus Wareings restaurant at The Berkeley. As we all know Marcus Wareing was in business with Gordon Ramsay and was a chef patron of Petrus and The Savoy Grill of Gordon Ramsay holdings. After separating and parting from Ramsay holdings Ltd, Wareing opened a restaurant at The Berkeley which hosts Boxwood Cafà © as well. The conclusion is that they know each others operation strategies which may create a direct competition. Customer Profile Demographic Profile Age: 28-50 Gender: Male and Female Occupation: Skilled Workers Salary : £120,000 and over, after tax Lifestyle: Cash rich, Time rich(customers which have the money and time to spend) Geographic Segmentation Local, regional and International customer Psychographic segmentation Smart-Casual social groups: People who would escape from the lag of the highly busy Knightsbridge. Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Strengths Situated in a high class area Owned by a celebrity chefs company: which has its own publicity and would attract customers to have an experience the food that Gordon Ramsay proudly recommends. Accessible Environmentalists Exceedingly good customer care Friendly Staff British Menu Large variety of choice on the Menu Excellence of training staff Weaknesses Price of alcohol very expensive Staff is not aware of the dish served in front of the customer e.g. Blue meat served to customer that requested medium and customer that requested blue was served medium. Too many waiters serving one same table Low advertising Macro-Environment Analyzing the restaurant, we identify the PEST, Political, Economical and Socio-cultural, technological. Politics: (Food Standard Agency, http://www.food.gov.uk/foodindustry, 2009) Regulation (EC) 852/2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs Regulation (EC) 853/2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin Regulation (EC) 854/2004 laying down specific rules for the organisation of official controls on products of animal origin intended for human consumption The legislation: modernised, consolidated and simplified the previous EU food hygiene legislation applies effective and proportionate controls throughout the food chain, from primary production to sale or supply to the final consumer (from farm to fork) focuses controls on what is necessary for public health protection clarifies that it is the primary responsibility of food business operators to produce food safety Economic: The Credit crunch Gas prices going up Electricity prices Socio-cultural: the evolving of age of the population and the consequences it will have on the market Technological: as technology improves in the industry for equipment used in kitchens, the skills required will decrease, time will be spared, labour costs will be cut down. Opportunities: They can improve their weaknesses as mentioned above Threats: would be the direct competitions that are situated around the area and as mentioned earlier on there are a lot of competing restaurants (approximately 100 according to www.allinlondon.co.uk, 2009) The Menu According to Foskett One approach to sale analysis, which had gained popularity is the technique known as menu engineering. This is a technique of menu analysis that uses two key factors of performance in sales of individual menu items: The popularity and Gross Profit cash contribution of each item. There are four types of categorizations in menu engineering. Items of high popularity and high GP contribution. These are known as stars. Items of high popularity, low GP contribution. These are known as plowhorses. Items of low popularity, high GP contribution. These are known as puzzles on the menu. Items of low popularity, low cash GP contribution. These are known as the worst items on the menu and are known as dogs. Type of Menu Modern British Produce based on seasonality Best selling dish: Grilled Aberdeen Angus rib-eye chop Set lunch  £25 per head A la carte  £50 per head(average) Menu changed frequently Managerial analysis Average spend per head  £50 Average cover daily: 205 Monthly income: around  £310.000 Cover Capacity: 120 Keeping customers loyal Advertisement: Internet Sites. Keeping customers loyal: Voucher cards, phone numbers and e-mails Exceeding customer expectations and Providing high standards of cuisine Recommendations staff should be more attentive to the needs of the customer it is better to keep one waiter serving the table, to reduce the confusion of mixing orders of customers specific requests get rid of the dogs on the menu In order to boost sales, the restaurant must advertise more To keep track of Customers and their details, restaurant could use reward cards.

A Deconstructionist Perspective of S. E. Hintons The Outsiders Essay

A Deconstructionist Perspective of S. E. Hinton's The Outsiders The unseen layers present in S. E. Hinton's The Outsiders make it possible for the reader to develop differing interpretations of the novel. The ambiguity of the text is recognized within the deconstructionist approach to literature. Deconstruction allows the reader to focus on particular elements in the text that divulge the underlying themes. In focusing on two key scenes in The Outsiders, deconstruction explains how Hinton's use of these scenes gives the reader insight into two opposing themes within the text. The two scenes consist of Ponyboy's and Johnny's confrontation with the Socs and also when Ponyboy and Johnny save the children in the burning church (54-57; 91-93). In these two scenes, Hinton manipulates the characters' reactions to illustrate two divergent readings of the text. Critics have consistently argued whether Hinton intended the text to be read as a realistic account of teenage life, or a text that embodies the idealism of youth. I believe the answer lie s within both interpretations, for the boys must face the reality of their actions and also individually come to terms with what or whom they consider worth dying for. In interpreting the text as a realistic account of teenage life, it is evident that the author deals with the real issues that youth face, such as violence and class conflict. The first key scene exemplifies these impending dangers with the boys' reactions to being surrounded by the Socs in the park. The narrator, Ponyboy, describes Johnny "as white as a ghost and his eyes were wild-looking: (54). Ponyboy implicates Johnny's earlier encounter with the Socs as the cause of Johnny's overwhelming fear. Ponyboy ... ... matter of an instant. In analyzing two key scenes from The Outsiders, the text belies the contradictory themes of the reality of teenage life and the idealism of youth. In focusing on these scenes, the reader observes how Hinton dismantles her own text with her use of oppositions in the reactions of Ponyboy and Johnny. Although two contrasting themes are represented, it is not necessary to choose between them. With the critical approach of deconstruction, the reader recognizes the significance of opposition within the text. I believe this simultaneous understanding of both discourses is the only way a reader can truly appreciate the depth of Hinton's work, for the greatest enlightenment stems from the realization that the true message lies within the many thematic shades of gray. Works Cited Hinton, S. E. The Outsiders. New York: Penguin, 1995.

A fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal: Doe

From the findings, it can be concluded that the results do support the hypothesis that mock jurors place a harsher sentence on the unattractive defendant in the manslaughter case. Whereas, it was not seen as significant on the unattractive defendant in the theft case, this finding is counterintuitive to the hypothesis however, one can speculate that being attractive may be more beneficial to those that are on trial for a serious crime. The implications here could be down to the serious consequences to the defendant’s life if they found guilty for manslaughter, when in actual fact it may not be entirely their fault. Whereas, with the theft case there was no doubt in the jurors mind that that individual was responsible for the consequences of their crime, due to being seen on Closed Circuit Television. With the legal system being highly complicated and complex, and with the limited knowledge the jurors hold about the system, maybe it is this that could explain that people we re more likely to place a lesser sentence on those in the manslaughter case. But this might not be the only reason for this difference, as the unattractive manslaughter-unattractive theft comparison did not yield significant results. As Baldwin and McConville (1979) pointed out that juries easily fall victim to stereotypes, manipulation and outside influences and fails in almost all of its goals, the results found here, and previous research further develops this theory. From the concerning results found, there is evidence that attractiveness does have an unwanted effect due to the internal biases of jurors. As a part of the study, participants were asked to answer short questions if they believed there was a criminal face and 10 out of the 32 participa... ...he did not commit. Retrieved January 3, 2012, from the.point.is: http://en.tpinews.com/2008/04/24/27-years-in-prison-for-a-crime-he-did-not-commit.html Tumonis, V. (2011). Persuasiveness of First Impressions: The Halo Effect . Retrieved January 21, 2012, from SwayCraft: http://www.swaycraft.com/421/persuasiveness-of-first-impressions-the-halo-effect/ United Nations. (1948). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved from United Nations: 3 Whittemore, K. E., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (1 995). Factors that influence jury decision making: Disposition instructions and mental state at the time of the trial. Law and Human Behavior. 1 9,283-303. Zakas, N. C. (2005, July 11). The Eye of the Beholder: Appearance Discrimination in the Workplace. Retrieved January 12, 2012, from nczonline: http://www.nczonline.net/downloads/AppearanceDiscriminationInTheWorkplace.pdf

Ancient China Essay -- essays research papers

One of the most important inventions of all time was the invention of gunpowder. â€Å"Imagine their enemy's surprise when the Chinese first demonstrated their newest invention in the eighth century AD. Chinese scientists discovered that an explosive mixture could be produced by combining sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter (potassium nitrate). The military applications were clear. New weapons were rapidly developed, including rockets and others that were launched from a bamboo tube† (Franklin Institute). The Chinese are known for their inventions that still are used in the modern day. Those inventions are paper, gunpowder, books, and much more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gunpowder was discovered in the tenth century by Chinese medicine men that were looking for the secret to immortality. They thought that gunpowder could be used as a medicine of some sort. â€Å"The invention of gunpowder gave the Chinese a distinct advantage over their enemies, changing the nature of warfare† (Ken Hsu, Willy Hsu, Micheal Lu).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first gunpowder was used to blast rocks apart and to make fireworks, later to be used as warfare. To medieval Chinese it was simply an aid to esthetic pleasure. By the 10th century, gunpowder began to be used for military purposes in China in the form of rockets and explosive bombs fired from catapults. The first reference to cannon appears in 1126 when oil bamboo tubes were used to launch missiles at the enemy. Eventually bamboo tubes were replaced by metal tubes, and the oldest cannon in China dates from 1290. From China, the military use of gunpowder appears to have spread to Japan and Europe. â€Å"It was used by the Mongols against the Hungarians in 1241 and was mentioned by Roger Bacon in 1248. By the mid 14th century, early cannons are mentioned extensively both in Europe and in China.† (Jack Kelly). In China as in Europe, the use of gunpowder to produce firearms and cannons was delayed by difficulties in creating metal tubes that would contain an explosion. This problem may have led to the false myth that the Chinese used their invention only for the manufacture of fireworks. In fact, gunpowder powered cannons and rockets were extensively used in the Mongol conquests of the 13th century and were a feature of East Asian warfare afterwards. â€Å"The short squat and thick city walls of Beijing for example, were specifically designe... ...emoved by hand. The fibers are beaten in a blender or by hand to a creamy pulp. At this stage, dyes can be added to create colored papers. The pulp is poured into a large tub and the fibers are suspended in the water. The artisan dips a framed screen into the water and with great skill, lifts it to the surface catching the fibers onto the screen. The screens can be left in the sun to dry, or be transferred to boards, pressed, smoothed and then dried. â€Å"It wasn't until the invention of paper that information could be recorded and passed on cheaply and in greater quantity† (Paper Trading International).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the many years of experimenting it has paid off for the Chinese. I researched two great masterpieces from it. But there were many more inventions, like the compass, medicine, printing, embroidery and silk. When trying to find the secret to immortality they made gunpowder with a bang! When getting bored trying to make something to send messages on they made the great paper. Both of these inventions are still used this very day, maybe it will be used for a lot more in years to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Summary and Response to What Shamu

She tries he usual ways to change him, such as counseling and a lot of nagging, but she soon resigns herself to the fact that these tactics are not going to work. While on a trip to California to research a school for exotic animal trainers, Sutherland studied the techniques students were using, such as â€Å"approximation†: rewarding the small steps toward learning a whole new behavior, â€Å"least reinforcing syndrome†: not responding in any way to bad behavior, and â€Å"incompatible behaviors†: a behavior that makes the undesirable behavior impossible. Soon she realized that these same quenches may very well work on her husband.After years of secretly training her husband with these techniques, she is pleased to tell readers that his behavior and their marriage are both much improved. I enjoyed reading Sutherland essay for the humor she uses in her writing. I particularly enjoy the way she refers to her husband as â€Å"the American husband† and  "my animal†, as if he is some other species in need of training in order to make a good pet. I must admit that even though I found the humor in this read, I found the whole idea of training your husband as you loud an animal to be complete nonsense. Did she write this piece as a joke? Retainer hope so, because if she meant for it to be serious and she actually tried this training on her husband, she has entirely too much time on her hands. Sutherland says â€Å"l began thanking Scott if he threw one dirty shirt into the hamper. If he threw in two, I'd kiss him. Meanwhile, I would Step over any soiled clothes on the floor without one sharp word, though did sometimes kick them under the bed. But as he basked in my appreciation, the piles became smaller† (251 I have a suggestion for you Mrs.. Sutherland, how bout you just ask, or tell if you have to, your husband to pick up his clothes.If he still doesn't honor your wishes, throw his clothes away each time you find them on the floor. This type obtaining usually works well. Call it the â€Å"toss clothes method†. No need for â€Å"approximations† here. If you would like to cook dinner without him hovering over you, how about you just tell him so. If this doesn't work, stop cooking him dinner. Would bet he figures out real quick that he shouldn't hover over you anymore. This is referred to as the â€Å"no din-din technique†. Who needs â€Å"incompatible behaviors† anyway? One more IP for you Mrs..

Systhesis of Dulcin

Synthesis of Dulcin Objective: The main objective of this lab is to gain experience at a typical synthesis and semi-microscale recrystallization. Discussion Questions: 1) How fast should the temperature be raised when determining a melting point? When can the temperature be raised more quickly? 2) If there is an Impurity present in a sample, what is the effect on the melting point? 3) Explain why a) salt, spread on roads in the winter, helps prevent icing in, for instance, southern Ontario, and b) salt is useless on the much colder roads of Manitoba. ) You would have to slowly raise the temperature up when determining the melting point due to the sensitivity of the dulcin being able to change from solid to liquid at any point. If the temperature is set to high to fast it is possible to miss the change of state and not be able to record the time which is why it should originally be set pretty slow. If set high too fast it will melt faster causing the melting point to be inaccurate. As soon as you get the general idea of when change in state will occur, that is when you can probably raise the temperature more quickly. ) If there are impurities present in the sample it can cause many problems, it can lower or raise the boiling point due to it having an effect on the dulcin itself. Basically it will increase the range of the boiling and melting points, which will give an inaccurate reading. If the dulcin were to be fully pure the range would have a difference of maybe 1 to 2, having an impurity would make a huge difference. 3) Salt is sprinkled on the streets so that when it mixes with the moisture and the water it creates a saline mixture.This mixture has a lower freezing point then normal water does so that means it would only freeze at lower temperatures. This basically prolongs the icing process and basically can fully prevent ice from forming on the roads. On older colder roads of Manitoba it reaches the colder temperatures necessary to freeze over the saline mixture which ends up making it useless to do. Conclusion: Yield: To calculate you must take the amount of crude dulcin you started with and have it divided by the pure dulcin then multiply it by 100 to get a %. Pure Dulcin: 0. 6168g Crude Dulcin: 1. 2356g Melting point of crude: 167-171Melting point of pure: 174-176 The recrystallization process is one that has been tested multiple times and been proven effective in many experiments. In our experiment I would have to say that it was a very effective process due to the melting points that we were able to get with our products. The melting point for the crude substance was between 167 and 171 . This shows that the crude definitely had some impurities in it keeping it a bit away form the theoretical melting point. The melting point of our pure substance was between 174and 176 which is actually extremely close to the theoretical melting point.This shows us that the recrystallization process does an extremely good job, even though it ta kes a lot of time and effort to do it. There way be some flaws with it and some error that can come about with how the apparatus is set up or how the students take care of the products. In the end it is a great process and if the technique is done properly and precisely the effectiveness off this process is very high and produces great results. Reference: â€Å"University of Winnipeg CHEM-2202/3 Organic Chemistry I Lab Manual Fall 2012†

Hurricanes Versus Tornados

Two devastating and deadly natural disasters are the hurricane and the tornado which both cause heavy amounts of damage and are uncontrollable. There are many similarities in how hurricanes and tornadoes are formed. Although they are distinct disasters, hurricanes, and tornadoes pose similar threats to resources because of high winds which can destroy properties and affect the economy along with people’s lives. Both the hurricane, and the tornado are rated on a category scale. First, devastating, and deadly natural disaster is a hurricane. In order for a hurricane to form it has to begin in a warm atmosphere. The seas are normally at their warmest from June to November. A hurricane requires sea- surface temperatures of at least 26 degrees Celsius (80 degrees Fahrenheit). This provides energy for the hurricane and causes more evaporation making humid air and clouds. The winds coming together force air upwards and winds flow outwards above the storm, allowing the air below to rise. Now this is what makes the storm and the light winds outside the hurricane steers it and this is how it grows into a formation of a hurricane. All hurricanes are dangerous and can cause numerous amounts of damage but the most dangerous parts of hurricanes are storm surges which also cause huge amounts of damages because of flooding. The flooding is caused by winds pushing ocean water toward sand. It is estimated that ten-thousand people die each year because of hurricanes. Many of human’s deaths are caused mainly by the flooding that occurs during a hurricane. For example, during hurricane Katrina in two-thousand and five it was devastating because much of the city of New Orleans flooded. Some eighteen-hundred people lost their lives because of hurricane Katrina and more than twenty-five hundred injuries occurred as well. No one wants to be caught in a hurricane because nowhere in a hurricane are you safe. This is why it is important to look for hurricane warnings and to evacuate if it is recommended in your area. Second, devastating, and deadly natural disaster is a tornado. A tornado can occur anywhere in the world. Most tornadoes in the United States form in an area called â€Å"tornado alley† the formation of a tornado is from a combination of thunderstorms, wind shears (change in wind speed or direction), and updrafts (upward moving winds). A tornado begins in a severe thunderstorm called a super cell. A super cell thunderstorm is a huge rotating thunderstorm and this can last for several hours. Usually these storms are likely to produce long lasting tornadoes and baseball sized hail. This is why super cell tornadoes are typically the largest and most damaging tornadoes because of the long duration of the storms. Many tornadoes cause high winds and sometimes massive damage. Violent winds cause trees to be uprooted, cars lifted, and roofs ripped off homes. For example, one of the most violent tornadoes was in Oklahoma City in 1999. It was one of the costly tornados in the United States history. Some 44 people died and more were to be reported. More than 750 people were injured in the Oklahoma City tornado. This was rated as an F5 causing incredible damage to homes, structures, cars, etc. In America there are emergency broadcasts which state the scale and category of the disasters. Both hurricanes and tornadoes are rated by how much damage they cause. Hurricanes are rated on a Saffir/Simpson hurricane scale. It was originated in 1969 by two men one named Herbert saffir who was an engineer with those skills Herbert could determine the destruction that would be caused by the high winds and storm surges associated by a hurricane. The second man involved in this scale was Robert Simpson; he was a meteorologist whose knowledge of the weather helped in determining wind speeds and intensity of storm surges. The categories of this scale are from one to five, five as the most destructive. Tornadoes are rated on a Fujita tornado intensity scale. The Fujita scale was created in 1971 by a man named Professor Theodore Fujita also known as â€Å"Mr. Tornado. † He was a pioneer in the study of tornadoes. Those studies helped create some basic knowledge of severe storms. The categories of this scale are from F-zero to F-five, five as incredible damage. As of yet there is no other tornado that has occurred with incredible damage besides the 1999 Oklahoma City tornado that was rated as an F5 (incredible damage). Wind speeds play a big role in the destruction caused from both hurricanes and tornadoes. Two devastating and deadly natural disasters are the hurricane and the tornado which both cause heavy amounts of damage and are uncontrollable. Both the hurricane and tornado can cause severe damage to many people’s homes, properties, and affect the economy. Many hurricane damages come from the flooding and the tornado damages come from the violent winds. Both the hurricane, and the tornado can be very deadly and this is why many humans should always be aware and look for warning signs that will be broadcasted in their area before a disaster occurs. Broadcasts will also keep you posted on the latest information on a hurricane or tornado, and it will also state if there will be an evacuation in the area. It is very important to watch all broadcasts because this could be a life saver for many humans.

Function of Education Essay

1. The definition of Education Education is defined as the process of educating and learning, which involves the teacher and the student. The teacher will convey the message to the student, and the student will try to understand and applying what is being taught. Educate is further defined as to develop knowledge, skill and the character of somebody. Educate is also to give someone information about a particular subject, or to show them a better way to do something. Knowledge is the information that we are going to instill and give out. We can see the importance of education in the terms of someone’s development. 2. Function of Education 2. 1. Education as Continuation Process The process of education begins in the cradle and continues throughout the life. When people live, they continually grow and develop. In going through all the developments, they have this ongoing education. They are being introduced by new skills and knowledge from time to time. The education can be formal, where it requires us to attend school or institutions for lectures. This is where we learn about particular subjects like Languages, Science and Mathematics. Informal education can be something that is being taught at home or from our own experience. As we grow up, the thing that we learn will become more complex and complicated. For instance, we are taught of basic skills of mathematics when we are in primary school, then we are in secondary school, another new complex formula is introduced to us. We are expected to grasp more when we are maturing. This process persists throughout their lifetime. As we go along, we learn and apply more and more knowledge. We also learn many new things when we encounter every stages of our life. For example, when are already an adult, we got married and have children. This can only be experienced when you are fully grown, not when you are a baby or a mere child. 2. 2. Education as Moral Development Tools Moral development means the expanding and improvement of someone’s manner, character and proper behaviour. This entails the development in someone’s physical, spirit, mentality and believes. Here education acts as a tool where it helps to inculcate the sense of morality in the society. Education is not just about imparting the information, but it is also intended to show someone of which is right and which is wrong. For example, we introduced to the people about the code of dressing ethics. This ethics demands them to follow the rule of clothing. Here in Malaysia, moral development is implemented through the subject like Islamic Education and Moral Education. Education helps in imbibing moral and ethical values in the individuals and their education, in turn, helps in the creation of a healthy society that bears a deep understanding of principles and the philosophy of life. Having a high morality is paramount in a society for it deters somebody from immoral and bad doings like cheating and being not responsible. 2. 3 Education as Integrated Indicative. Education indicates the integrity in education as it comprises all the elements of one’s development. It entails the improvement on the physical, emotional, spiritual, skills (psychomotor), mental (coordinative), and behaviour. Education helps an individual to thrive in society, to interact with other social animals and helps a person attain and maintain a certain degree of social well-being. The abilities of an individual as a part of society is an apparent result of social development, which can only make realize by the means of education. In school or college, we are taught holistically. The learning processes don’t only occur in class, but also outside there. Students are exposed with clubs and sports activities, which help in brushing up their leadership skills and suchlike. Learning is also be made practical, as theories only never enough. Our syllabi also show the sense of integration from the subjects taught in school. We learn languages such as Malay, English, Mandarin, Tamil and many more but at the same time, we include the logics learning, like Science and Mathematics. As for spiritual enhancement, subjects like Islamic Studies and Moral Studies are also included. We can see that the studies not only focus only one part. In fact, it is thorough and complete for the intelligence must go along with good morals and believes. An integrated education is one that encourages students to seek connections between different ways of knowing and being in the world, between different forms of knowledge, and between new knowledge and that which preceded it. In order to provide an integrated educational experience, we must offer a curriculum and other learning experiences whose content and pattern combine the acquisition and creation of knowledge with the quest for meaning and purpose. 2. 4. Education as Practices Process Education occurs continuously and as it goes, we learn something repeatedly, many times in our life. It depends on one’s ability, to catch what is taught. Some may take their time in grasping the information, and some may get it quickly. Usually, people can’t easily understand something at first, but they keep learning and practicing, and in the end, they manage to understand that something. This process of repeating in learning is what we call as practice – you keep doing it until you are finally good at it. Take for instance the case of reading. We started off with the basic, knowing all the 24 alphabets in ABC. Then, after we get all that, we move on to two-syllable words and suchlike. We don’t get to read so easily. There are processes to be gone through which need a lot of practices. Education provides practices in certain areas of studies like medicine and teaching. They have this practical part in which they need to apply those theories they have learnt. Taking education is also to bring about progress in practical fields to enable each educated individual of society to earn a living. Education of the various practical fields produces productive human resources, who can contribute to the creation of wealth for a country. While the people earn for their work, they are also creating something for their organization to make money on. 3. Conclusion In conclusion, education is very crucial in our life, especially in the sense of development. All these developments like social, economic and attitude in every individual are responsible for the cultivation of civilized society. Education is mainly intended for the want to generate high quality, educated, skilled, and capable citizens. Knowledge and information are imparted so that a person and the society can live a good life. Not only in the sense of physical, but also in terms of spiritual and good morals. Education is the key of success throughout one’s life. References Abdul Rahman Ariff, Zakarie Kasa, 2002. Falsafah dan Konsep Pendidikan Edisi Kedua. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd. Annad, J. B. 1977. Education for Self-Discovery. Britain: Houder and Stoughton. Hirsch, E. D. Jr, 1987. Cultural Literacy. England, UK: Houghton Miffin Mok Soon Sang, 2003. An Education Coursefor K. P. L. I Theme 1, 1st Edition, Subang Jaya: Kumpulan Budiman Sdn. Bhd. Muhammad Shamsul Huq, 1976. Education, Manpower and Development in South and South East Asia. India: Praeger Publisher. Sufean Hussin, 1996. Pendidikan di Malaysia: Sejarah, Sistem dan Falsafah. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Dr. Tajul Ariffin Noordin. â€Å"Pengamalan Prinsip Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan menyekat Pemikiran Liberal†. Pendidik Isu 67. Disember 2009:60-62 Prof. Dr. Sidek Baba. â€Å"Pemahaman dalam Menerima Ilmu Lahir Insan Ihsan†. Pendidik Isu 67. Disember 2009:58-59 Integrated Education, http://www. scu. edu/strategicplan/2001/integrated. cfm Practical Education, http://chestofbooks. com/crafts/scientific-american/sup5/Practical-Education. html Purpose of edu, http://www. teachersmind. com/pdfdirectory/Education. PDF http://quadium. net/school/purpose_education. html http://www. buzzle. com/articles/beliefs-about-the-purpose-of-education. html Morality, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Moral_development#Psychological_perspectives Moral development, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Moral_development.

The risks posed by money laundering and corruption to the global Essay

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Examine how nirvana might be said to be the goal of Buddhist mysticism Essay

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Stonehenge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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